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Disorders of Hemostasis |
1 Department of Biology and Genetics for Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Hematology and Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
3 The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
4 A. Bianchi Bonomi, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Milan and Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation, Milan, Italy
Correspondence: Stefano Duga, Department of Biology and Genetics for Medical Sciences, via Viotti 3/5, 20133 Milan, Italy. E-mail: stefano.duga{at}unimi.it
Background: Factor XI deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive coagulopathy, which is, however, common among Ashkenazi Jews, in whom the so-called type II (E117X) and type III (F283L) mutations account for 98% of alleles. In non-Jewish populations, a higher level of allelic heterogeneity has been reported. However, the type II mutation was found in individuals from England, Portugal, and Italy, and haplotype analysis confirmed its Jewish origin. The aims of this study were to develop a rapid and accurate assay for the simultaneous detection of type II/type III mutations and to determine the frequency of these mutations in a large Italian population of healthy individuals and in a cohort of factor XI-deficient Italian patients.
Design and Methods: Type II and III mutations were detected using a newly developed multiplex four-color real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Haplotype analysis was performed by either DNA sequencing or fragment-length analysis.
Results: Both type II and type III mutations were found among 3879 healthy Italians with an allele frequency of 0.00064 and 0.00051, respectively. Among the 31 analyzed factor XI-deficient patients, the type II mutation was found in three individuals in the homozygous state and in eight individuals in the heterozygous state (one compound heterozygote type II/III). Haplotype analysis revealed the Jewish origin of both mutations.
Conclusions: The newly developed assay is highly specific and reliable (0.02% false positives); and offers a useful means for the molecular diagnosis of factor XI deficiency. Type II and III mutations are present in the Italian population and should be searched for first in factor XI-deficient patients.
Key words: factor XI deficiency, type II and type III mutations, multiplex real-time PCR, Jewish founder effect.
This article has been cited by other articles:
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  A. Zoossmann-Diskin Factor XI mutation and the origin of Ashkenazi Jews Haematologica, October 1, 2008; 93(10): e59 - e59. [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Zadra, R. Asselta, M.L. Tenchini, G. Castaman, U. Seligsohn, P.M. Mannucci, and S. Duga Reply to: [Factor XI mutation and the origin of Ashkenazi Jews. Haematologica 2008; 93:e59] Haematologica, October 1, 2008; 93(10): e60 - e60. [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Castaman, S. H. Giacomelli, A. Dragani, O. Iuliani, S. Duga, and F. Rodeghiero Severe factor XI deficiency in the Abruzzo region of Italy is associated to different FXI gene mutations Haematologica, June 1, 2008; 93(6): 957 - 958. [Full Text] [PDF]
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