Haematologica
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Haematologica, Vol 92, Issue 11, 1470-1474 doi:10.3324/haematol.11147
Copyright © 2007 by Ferrata Storti Foundation
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Malignant Lymphomas

Association of transforming growth factor-ß1 gene polymorphism in the development of Epstein-Barr virus-related hematologic diseases

Kanako Hatta, Akira Morimoto, Eiichi Ishii, Hiroshi Kimura, Ikuyo Ueda, Shigeyoshi Hibi, Shinjiro Todo, Tohru Sugimoto, Shinsaku Imashuku

From the Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (KH, AM, IU, SH, ST, TS); Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime Japan (EI); Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (HI); Division of Pediatrics, Takasago-Seibu Hospital, Takasago, Japan (SI)

Correspondence: Kanako Hatta, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi, Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan, 602-8566 E-mail: mayi{at}iris.eonet.ne.jp


   ABSTRACT
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 Discussion
 References
 
Background and Objectives: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is etiologically associated with various hematologic disorders, including primary acute infectious mononucleosis (IM), hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH), chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV) and malignant lymphomas. Although cytokines play a central role in EBV-related immune responses, the exact mechanisms causing different clinical responses remain unclear. In this study, the pattern of cytokine gene polymorphisms was comparatively analyzed in EBV-related diseases.

Design and Methods: Eighty-nine patients with EBV-related disease were analyzed; 30 with IM, 28 with EBV-HLH and 31 with CAEBV. Eighty-one EBV-seropositive healthy adults were also used as controls. Associations with polymorphisms of various cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1{alpha} and IL-1ß were evaluated. The gene polymorphisms were typed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers.

Results: A significant difference of polymorphisms was found for transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1; the frequency of TGF-ß1 codon 10 C allele was significantly higher in patients with EBV-related diseases than in controls (p<0.001). The difference was significant in patients with IM or HLH (p<0.001), but not in those with CAEBV (p=0.127), compared with controls. As regards other cytokines, the frequency of the IL-1{alpha} –889 C allele was significantly lower in patients with IM than in controls (p<0.05).

Interpretation and Conclusions: Our results suggests that TGF-ß1 codon 10 C allele plays a role in the development of EBV-related diseases and that the IL-1{alpha} –889 C allele may be involved in response failure and sequential progression into the development of HLH.

Key words: Epstein-Barr virus, cytokine gene polymorphism, IL-1, TGF-ß1.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous gamma herpes virus and has been etiologically associated with several disease conditions. It induces primarily subclinical infections or acute infectious mononucleosis (IM), which are generally self-limiting. EBV mainly infects B cells and multiplies in them, a process controlled by EBV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL).1 It is also known that EBV infects T and NK cells, the proliferation of which is probably uncontrollable by CTL, and leads to the development of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH), chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV) or EBV-related lymphoma. The clinical features of these EBV-related diseases sometimes overlap with high mortality and morbidity except for IM.2 The distinct manifestations of IM, HLH and CAEBV are thought to be affected by the host’s different immune response to EBV, especially by cytokine production. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1{alpha}, IL-2, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-{gamma} have been reported to be elevated in the serum of patients with IM.3,4 In EBV-HLH, serum levels of IFN-{gamma} and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) are especially high.5,6 Patients with CAEBV were found to have abnormally high levels of circulating human IL-10 as well as EBV-encoded IL-10 (vIL-10), which may contribute to the pathogenesis of CAEBV by inhibiting host immunity.7

There is also increasing evidence indicating that cytokine gene polymorphisms, such as those of the IL-108 and IL-1{alpha}9 genes, have an impact on susceptibility to EBV infection. These studies focused on whether resistance to EBV infection (EBV seronegativity) was influenced by the polymorphic IL-10 or IL-1ß gene. By contrast, in this study we were interested to see whether, among an EBV-seropositive population, polymorphisms of these cytokine genes determine the development of distinct features between the group with subclinical infection (seropositive control, no clinical manifestation) and groups with clinical manifestations of EBV infection, such as IM, HLH and CAEBV. Regarding the development of EBV-lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) in immunodeficient states, Dierksheide et al.10 demonstrated that IFN-{gamma} gene polymorphisms played a role in the high prevalence of LPD using human peripheral blood in SCID mice; however, no cytokine gene polymorphisms have so far been studied among patients with EBV-related hematologic diseases.

We, therefore, compared the influence of cytokine gene polymorphisms in three EBV-related diseases, IM, EBV-HLH and CAEBV, against that in EBV-seropositive healthy controls.


   Design and Methods
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Thirty patients with IM (16 males and 14 females; median age at onset, 4.4 years; range, 1–15 years), 28 with EBV-HLH (13 males and 15 females; median age at onset, 2.6 years; range, 0–22 years), 31 with CAEBV (13 males and 18 females; median age at onset, 8.3 years; range, 1–27 years; 17 with T-cell type and 13 with NK-cell type), and 81 EBV-seropositive healthy controls (53 males and 28 females; median age, 38 years; range, 23–65 years) were evaluated. The institutional review board of Kyoto Prefectural University School of Medicine approved the study, and informed consent was obtained from each patient or their parents.

IM was diagnosed based on EBV titers, i.e. elevated titers of viral capsid antigen VCA-IgG and IgM and negativity for Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA), with typical clinical symptoms, such as transient fever, lymphadenopathy, and mild hepatosplenomegaly. The diagnosis of EBV-HLH was made according to the criteria reported by Imashuku et al.,11 modified from the HLH diagnostic criteria of the Histiocyte Society.12 Briefly, patients had to be positive for the EBV genome in peripheral blood, bone marrow or other tissues, and/or positive for VCA-IgG in association with clinical symptoms compatible with HLH, such as persistent high fever, cytopenia, liver dysfunction and coagulopathy. CAEBV was diagnosed according to the criteria published by the Japanese Association for Research on Epstein-Barr Virus and Related Diseases.13 Briefly, a patient was diagnosed as having CAEBV in the presence of (i) EBV-related illness continuing for more than 6 months with symptoms including fever, persistent hepatitis, extensive lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, uveitis, interstitial pneumonia, hydroa vacciniforme, or hypersensitivity to mosquito bites, (ii) increased quantities of EBV gene in either affected tissues or peripheral blood, and (iii) no evidence of any prior immunologic abnormalities or of any other recent infection, such as human immunodeficiency virus, that might explain the condition. Healthy immunocompetent adults with an elevated titer of VCA-IgG with no previous history of IM, HLH or CAEBV were used as controls.

Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood using a QIAamp blood kit (Quiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the protocol recommended by the manufacturer, and 100 µL DNA were used for polymorphism studies. Gene polymorphism typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction with a sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) using a commercially available cytokine genotyping kit (PEL-FREEZ, USA). This kit contains specific primers to detect the following biallelic single nucleotide polymorphisms: IL-1{alpha}-889C/T, IL-1ß (–511 C/T; +3942T/C), IL-1 receptor (R) pst1 1970 C/T, IL-1 receptor agonist (RA) mspa1 11,100T/C, IL-4R{alpha} +1,902G/A, IL-12 -1ß188C/A, IFN-{gamma} +874 A/T, transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1 codon 10 C/T, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-{alpha} ( –308 G/A, –238 G/A), IL-2 (–330 T/Gß +166 G/T), IL-4 (–1,098 T/G, –590 T/Cß –33 T/C), IL-6 (–174 G/C, nt565 G/A), IL-10 (–1,082 G/A, –819 C/T, –592 A/C). Statistical analysis was performed with Fisher’s exact tests to compare the frequencies of cytokine alleles, haplotypes and genotypes among patients with the three types of EBV-related diseases and the controls.


   Results
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Figure 1 shows a representative electrophoresis pattern of loading PCR-SSP products. The frequency of TGF-ß1 codon 10 C allele was significantly higher in patients with EBV-related diseases (IM + HLH + CAEBV) than in controls (p<0.001); a significant difference was also observed between patients with IM or HLH and controls (43/60 vs. 73/162 for IM; p<0.001 and 41/56 vs. 73/162 for HLH; p<0.001) (Table 1A). The frequency of the IL-1{alpha} –889 C allele was lower in patients with IM than in controls (44/60 vs. 138/162; p=0.041), but no difference was observed between patients with HLH (53/56 vs. 138/162; p=0.064) or CAEBV (55/62 vs. 138/162; p=0.469) and controls. (Table 2). No statistically significant differences were found in other genes including IL-1R, IL-1RA, IL-4R{alpha}, IL-12, IFN-{gamma}, TNF-{alpha}, IL-2 and IL-6 (data not shown).


Figure 1921470
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  		Figure 1. Gel electrophoresis pattern of PCR-SSP products. A. Polymorphism of TGF-ß1 at codon 10. A 195 bp band represents the PCR-SSP product. Lane 1 indicates the T allele and lane 2 the C allele of TGF-ß1 at codon10. This gel pattern shows C/C at this position. (B) Polymorphism of IL-1{alpha} at –889. A 220bp band represents the PCR-SSP product. Lane 1 indicates the C allele and lane 2 the T allele of IL-1{alpha} at –889. This gel pattern shows T/T at this position. The asterisked band of 440 bp indicates the internal control. The blurred low molecular weight bands were non-specific.

 

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  		Table 1. Comparison of the frequencies of TGF-ß1 alleles among patients with EBV-related diseases and controls.

 

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  		Table 2. Comparison of the frequencies of IL-{alpha}-889 alleles among patients with EBV-related diseases and controls.

 

   Discussion
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Our study showed that the TGF-ß1 gene polymorphism differed significantly between patients with EBV-related diseases and controls; the frequency of TGF-ß1 codon 10 C allele was significantly higher in patients with IM or EBV-HLH than in controls. As regards other genes, the frequency of the IL-1{alpha} –889 C allele was lower in patients with IM than in controls.

TGF-ß is member of a highly pleiotropic family of growth factors involved in the regulation of numerous physiologic processes in a variety of cell types. It plays a role as a switch factor in immune suppression14 and promotes the proliferation of cells of EBV-positive Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines as well as EBV-infected B cells.15 TGF-ß1 was found to be produced in the tonsillar tissues of patients with IM,16 elevated in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma,17 and its dominant expression was demonstrated in activated T cells of CAEBV patients.18 These previous observations show some link between high levels of TGF-ß1 and the pathogenesis of EBV-related diseases. The codon 10 is an important site for the regulation of TGF-ß1 gene expression and the C allele at this site was reported to be linked to high levels of TGF-ß1 mRNA and its protein.19,20 In fact, Suthanthiran et al. reported that both mRNA and protein levels of TGF-ß1 in the population were higher among subjects genotyped as C/C or C/T at codon 10 compared with those genotyped as T/T.19 Thus, the polymorphism causing an amino acid substitution from leucine to proline might influence TGF-ß1 protein secretion, which up-regulates its own transcription via AP-1 sites located in its promoter.19 Since our data also showed that frequency of the TGF-ß1 gene codon 10 C allele was high in patients with IM and HLH, presumably, the polymorphism (C allele) at codon 10 of TGF-ß1 suppresses the immune reaction to EBV that occurs at first exposure to the virus, thus failing to limit the infection at a subclinical level and enabling the development of clinically definable EBV-related diseases.

On the other hand, IL-1 is the prototype of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, which induce the expression of a variety of genes and the synthesis of several proteins that, in turn, induce acute and chronic inflammatory changes in response to injury and infection, and affects nearly every tissue and organ system.21 IL-1 directly influences B cells by inducing their differentiation, growth and the synthesis of immunoglobulin. IL-1 also activates T cells and is involved in T-cell proliferation. It has been reported that serum levels of IL-1{alpha} were high in patients with IM.3 The expression of IL-1ß was high in the tonsils of IM patients, and that of IL-1{alpha} was high in epithelial cells.22 By contrast, no significant increases of serum IL-1{alpha} and ß levels were found in HLH patients.23 We previously noted that serum levels of IL-1 were high in a limited number of patients with HLH in spite of extremely high levels of IFN-{gamma}, sIL-2R, IL-6 and TNF in many such patients.24,25 Higher IL-{alpha} protein levels were associated with the T allele at –889, but not with the C allele in the promoter region of the IL-1{alpha} gene.26,27 Our findings that the frequency of the IL-1{alpha} –889 C allele was lower in IM and relatively higher in EBV-HLH patients than in controls are probably compatible with previous observations,3,23–25 suggesting excessive secretion of IL-1 in IM patients, which may play a role in the prompt eradication of primary EBV infection. On the other hand, insufficient production of IL-1 could lead to failure of the immune response and to sequential progression of the primary infection into HLH.

With the use of diagnostic criteria, IM, HLH and CAEBV can be differentiated into distinct disease entities, although some overlapping of the clinical features does occur; however, to date, no clear mechanism has been clarified to explain the differential development of these subtypes of EBV-related hematologic diseases. Interestingly, high EBV copy numbers in the blood, suggesting EBV reactivation in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, were found to be prevalent among patients with a certain IFN-{gamma} genotype.33 Although previous reports also showed that serum levels of EBV copy numbers may differentiate the clinical features of IM and HLH,34,35 in our study, we were unable to demonstrate a difference in IFN-{gamma} polymorphisms among patients with IM, HLH and CAEBV. Apart from cytokine gene polymorphisms, Zaitsu et al.36 previously identified a higher prevalence of the QPY haplotype of granzyme B in patients with EBV-HLH than in either patients with IM or healthy controls. Most of the reported cases of CAEBV have occurred in Japan and the pathophysiology of this condition has been clarified.37 However, it remains unclear how the status of CAEBV develops; does it occur as a progression from IM or HLH, or through a totally independent and different mechanism? To our surprise, in this study, the frequencies of both TGF-ß1 and IL-1{alpha} gene polymorphisms in CAEBV patients were different from those in IM or HLH patients, suggesting the latter mechanism may be involved.

In summary, we demonstrated that the polymorphism of TGF-ß1 at codon 10 is associated with the development of EBV-related hematologic diseases, such as IM or HLH, among Japanese subjects. According to some earlier studies on various diseases, the frequencies of polymorphisms in the TGF-ß1 and IL-1{alpha} genes were not different between Caucasian and Asian ethnic groups.28–32 However, no data are available for patients with EBV-related diseases. A future, larger study is required to determine whether our findings on EBV-related diseases are specific to Asian/Japanese patients or are common to patients of all ethnic groups.


   Acknowledgments
 
the authors are grateful to the many physicians who participated in the HLH-94 protocol study and provided patients’ specimens, and to Yasuko Hashimoto for secretarial assistance at the registration center


   Footnotes
 
Authors’ contributions

KH, AM and SI co-designed the study, collected patients’ samples, analyzed results, and wrote the manuscript; KH performed gene polymorphism typing and the statistical analysis. EI, HK, and IU collected patients’ samples and contributed to data registration and quality control. SH, ST and TS provided comments, useful advice and refined the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors reported no potential conflicts of interest.

Received for publication May 23, 2007. Accepted for publication July 24, 2007.


   References
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 References
 

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