Haematologica, Vol 92, Issue 12, 1687-1690 doi:10.3324/haematol.11359
Copyright © 2007 by Ferrata Storti Foundation
Yuko Osugi ,
Hiroshi Yagasaki ,
Masahiro Sako ,
Yoshiyuki Kosaka ,
Takashi Taga ,
Tsuyoshi Ito ,
Masuji Yamamoto ,
Akira Ohara ,
Takeyuki Sato ,
Junichi Mimaya ,
Ichiro Tsukimoto ,
Seiji Kojima ,
the Japan Childhood Aplastic Anemia Study Group
We analyzed the outcomes of 44 children with hepatitis associated aplastic anemia (HAA) who received immunosuppressive therapy (IST) with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine (CsA). Fourteen (31.8%) patients achieved complete response and 17 (38.6%) achieved partial response, for an overall response rate of 70.4% after 6 months. Seven non-responders received bone marrow transplantation from an HLA-matched unrelated donor and 6 out of 7 are alive. The probability of overall survival at 10 years was 88.3±4.9%, which supports the role of IST with ATG and CsA as treatment of choice for children with HAA without an HLA identical sibling donor.
The patients with HAA were enrolled in the prospective studies conducted by the Japan Childhood AA Study Group. HAA was defined as AA developed within 12 months after a documented episode of hepatitis which required an increase in serum amino-transferase level more than three times the upper limit of normal range. Patients with HAA were eligible if they met the following criteria: age <18 years, recently diagnosed disease (within 180 days from diagnosis) without specific prior treatments, and moderate to very severe AA. Severity of disease was classified according to currently used criteria.6 Chromosome-breakage study and Ham/sugar water test were performed to rule out Fanconi’s anemia and paroxymal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) in all patients. From November 1992 to September 1997, 21 patients were treated according to the Childhood AA 92 protocol. After stratification for severity of disease, patients were randomly assigned to treatments with horse ATG (Lymphoglobuline; IMTIX-SANGSTAT, Lyon, France), cyclosporine, and danazol with or without recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF).7 During the next study, 23 patients were treated by Childhood AA 97 protocol which slightly modified the previous treatment.8 Danazol was omitted, and administration of rhG-CSF was restricted to patients with very severe AA. Hematologic response was evaluated at 3 and 6 months after the start of the therapy. The definition of complete response (CR), partial response (PR), and relapse was as previously described.7 Patients who failed to respond to first IST underwent bone marrow transplantation if a suitable donor was available. Toxicity of the treatment was evaluated according to World Health Organization criteria.9 All participating hospitals were required to complete case report forms. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Informed written consent was obtained from all patients or their parents and the protocol study was approved by the ethics committee of each center.
From November 1992 to October 2001, a total of 318 children with newly diagnosed AA were enrolled into the two consecutive protocol studies. AA was associated with hepatitis in 44 patients (14%). The analysis of data was performed in April 2006. Patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1.
The onset of hepatitis was documented by jaundice and markedly elevated liver enzyme levels. The median level of peak alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was 1,181, ranging from 521 to 2,570 IU/L. The median interval between onset of hepatitis and development of AA was 30 days (range 0–240 days). All patients except 1 developed pancytopenia within 6 months of diagnosis of hepatitis. AA and hepatitis developed simultaneously in 3 patients. Data of hepatitis virus were available for 38 patients. Serologic tests for hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C were all negative. The response rate is shown in Table 2. At 3 months after start of therapy, CR was observed in 2 (4.5%) and PR in 15 patients (34.1%), for an overall response rate of 38.6%. At 6 months, CR was observed in 14 (31.8%) and PR in 17 (38.6%) patients. The overall response rate increased to 70.4%. Patients with lower neutrophil counts took longer to respond to therapy. After 3 months, only 24.0% of patients with a neutrophil counts of <0.2 x 109/L responded compared with 57.9% of patients with a count of >0.2 x 109/L (p<0.05).
Within the first 3 months of therapy, 3 patients died from infections. Eight out of 10 patients without response at 6 months received second IST after which only 2 patients achieved a sustained response. One died of bacteremia 17 months after registration. The remaining 7 patients subsequently received BMT from an HLA-matched unrelated donor. Six out of 7 patients restored bone marrow function and are alive with a median follow-up period of 60 months following BMT (range 46–102 months).
HAA is documented in 5–10% of patients with acquired AA.10,11 Because of the rarity of the disease, few patients enter the large prospective studies of IST for patients with acquired AA. Only a retrospective data of 10 patients are available for the evaluation of IST with ATG and CsA in patients with HAA.5 In this report, 7 out of 10 patients responded to intensive IST. Recently, Savage et al. reported that 4 out of 5 patients with HAA responded to high dose cyclophosphamide and are in remission without further immune suppression.12 In the current study, we analyzed the data of 44 patients with HAA who were registered for our prospective studies. Overall, 70.4% of patients responded within 6 months and the probability of 10 year survival was 88.3±4.9%. The response rate of ATG and CsA therapy ranged from 60–80% in several large prospective studies for idiopathic AA.13–15 In our study, the response rate was 72% for 90 children with idiopathic AA.7 Given that the same response rate was observed for both HAA and idiopathic AA, it has been suggested that both diseases are mediated by a common immunopathologic mechanism. At the beginning of the AA 92 study, 3 patients developed typical interstitial pneumonitis at 38, 60, and 68 days after the start of IST, 2 of whom died. CMV-positive antigenemia was detected in peripheral blood cells from 2 of them. CMV pneumonitis is a common cause of death in severely immunocompromised hosts. A marked decrease in CD4+ lymphocytes was reported in patients with HAA.3–5 Therefore, it seems that ATG and CsA cause more intensive immunosuppression to reactivate CMV. We gave prophylactic therapy for interstitial pneumonitis as for patients who received allogeneic stem cell transplantation after which no patients suffered from interstitial pneumonitis. Therefore, prophylactic therapy and virologic surveillance for CMV are recommended after IST for patients with HAA.
we are indebted to physicians from the following centers, who reported the data of patients with HAA. Kobe University Hospital (Y. Kosaka); Hyogo College of Medicine (M. Yamamoto); Shinshu University Hospital (K. Koike); Fukushima Medical University Hospital (A. Kikuta); Nagoya City University Hospital (J. Banno); Jikei University Hospital (K. Fujisawa); Osaka University Hospital (J. Hara); Showa University Hospital (K. Isoyama); Fukui Red Cross Hospital (S. Hayashi); Kurume University Hospital (H. Eguchi); Yokohama City University Hospital (K. Ikuta); Hirosaki University Hospital (E. Eto); Keio University Hospital (T. Mori); National Seiiku Medical Center (M. Kumagai); Nakadori General Hospital (A. Watanabe); Gifu University Hospital (K. Isogai); Toyohashi City Hospital (T. Ito); Osaka Rosai Hospital (N. Kawamura); Hyogo Children’s Hospital (H. Misu); Okayama Saiseikai Hospital (T. Terasaki); Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Red Cross Hospital (K. Hamamoto); Shimane University Hospital (R. Kanai); National Defence Medical College (I. Sekine
Authors’ Contributions
Copyright © 2007 by Ferrata Storti Foundation
Aplastic Anemia |
Antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine for treatment of 44 children with hepatitis associated aplastic anemia
From Dept. of Pediatrics, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka (YO, MS); Dept. of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine,Nagoya (HY,SK); Dept. of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine,Kobe (YK); Dept. of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu (TT); Dept. of Pediatrics, Toyohashi City Hospital Toyohashi (TI); Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya (MY); Dept. of Pediatrics, Toho University School of Medicine,Tokyo (AO, IT); Dept. of Pediatrics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba (TS); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Shizuoka Children’s Hospital, Shizuoka (JM)
Correspondence: Seiji Kojima M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan. E-mail: Kojimas{at}med.nagoya-u.ac.jp
ABSTRACT
 TOP ABSTRACT Design and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
We analyzed the outcomes of 44 children with hepatitis associated aplastic anemia (HAA) who received immunosuppressive therapy (IST) with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine (CsA). Fourteen (31.8%) patients achieved complete response and 17 (38.6%) achieved partial response, for an overall response rate of 70.4% after 6 months. Seven non-responders received bone marrow transplantation from an HLA-matched unrelated donor and 6 out of 7 are alive. The probability of overall survival at 10 years was 88.3±4.9%, which supports the role of IST with ATG and CsA as treatment of choice for children with HAA without an HLA identical sibling donor.
Key words: hepatitis associated aplastic anemia, antithymocyte globulin, cyclosporine, children.
Hepatitis associated aplastic anemia (HAA) is a variant of acquired aplastic anemia (AA) in which an episode of hepatitis precedes AA by a period of weeks or months.1,2 Immunologic mechanisms are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of HAA,3,4 and the result of immunosuppressive therapy (IST) has been reported in a small study.5 We have been conducting a prospective multicenter trial of IST for children with acquired AA since 1992. To evaluate the efficacy of IST for HAA, we analyzed 44 patients with HAA who were registered for the protocols of the Japan Childhood Aplastic Anemia Study Group between 1992 and 2001.
Design and Methods
|
TOPABSTRACTDesign and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The patients with HAA were enrolled in the prospective studies conducted by the Japan Childhood AA Study Group. HAA was defined as AA developed within 12 months after a documented episode of hepatitis which required an increase in serum amino-transferase level more than three times the upper limit of normal range. Patients with HAA were eligible if they met the following criteria: age <18 years, recently diagnosed disease (within 180 days from diagnosis) without specific prior treatments, and moderate to very severe AA. Severity of disease was classified according to currently used criteria.6 Chromosome-breakage study and Ham/sugar water test were performed to rule out Fanconi’s anemia and paroxymal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) in all patients. From November 1992 to September 1997, 21 patients were treated according to the Childhood AA 92 protocol. After stratification for severity of disease, patients were randomly assigned to treatments with horse ATG (Lymphoglobuline; IMTIX-SANGSTAT, Lyon, France), cyclosporine, and danazol with or without recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF).7 During the next study, 23 patients were treated by Childhood AA 97 protocol which slightly modified the previous treatment.8 Danazol was omitted, and administration of rhG-CSF was restricted to patients with very severe AA. Hematologic response was evaluated at 3 and 6 months after the start of the therapy. The definition of complete response (CR), partial response (PR), and relapse was as previously described.7 Patients who failed to respond to first IST underwent bone marrow transplantation if a suitable donor was available. Toxicity of the treatment was evaluated according to World Health Organization criteria.9 All participating hospitals were required to complete case report forms. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Informed written consent was obtained from all patients or their parents and the protocol study was approved by the ethics committee of each center.
Results
|
TOPABSTRACTDesign and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
From November 1992 to October 2001, a total of 318 children with newly diagnosed AA were enrolled into the two consecutive protocol studies. AA was associated with hepatitis in 44 patients (14%). The analysis of data was performed in April 2006. Patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1.
|
View this table: [in a new window] [Download PPT slide] |
Table 1. Patients’ characteristics.
|
|
View this table: [in a new window] [Download PPT slide] |
Table 2. Response to immunosuppressive treatment.
|
None of the 33 patients who responded subsequently relapsed. At the time of diagnosis, cytogenetic studies were available for 38 out of 44 patients. No patients showed cytogenetic abnormality. During the follow-up period, new clonal abnormalities appeared in 2 patients. One showed trisomy 8 at 12 months after the start of therapy and the other showed del (13) (q14q21) at 19 months. Neither patient showed distinctive morphologic findings of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). They are alive 118 and 115 months after the cytogenetic abnormality was identified without transformation to malignant disease. Figure 1 shows the probability of survival at 10 years (88.3±4.9%). There were 4 deaths in the very severe AA group and 1 in the severe AA group. Causes of death included interstitial pneumonitis (n=2), bacterial or fungal infections (n=2), and transplant related toxicity (n=1). Antigenemia assay identified CMV was detected in the peripheral blood cells of two patients who died of pneumonitis. Overall, treatment was well tolerated. At the start of IST, 7 patients showed an increase in serum ALT levels to at least two times the upper limit of the normal range. Serum ALT levels rapidly decreased within one week after treatment in all patients except one. Serum ALT levels returned to normal in 50% of patients within 4 weeks after treatment.
 View larger version (13K): [in a new window] [Download PPT slide] |
Figure 1. Survival of 44 patients who received IST. Probability of overall survival at 10 years was 88.3±4.9%.
|
Discussion
|
TOPABSTRACTDesign and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
HAA is documented in 5–10% of patients with acquired AA.10,11 Because of the rarity of the disease, few patients enter the large prospective studies of IST for patients with acquired AA. Only a retrospective data of 10 patients are available for the evaluation of IST with ATG and CsA in patients with HAA.5 In this report, 7 out of 10 patients responded to intensive IST. Recently, Savage et al. reported that 4 out of 5 patients with HAA responded to high dose cyclophosphamide and are in remission without further immune suppression.12 In the current study, we analyzed the data of 44 patients with HAA who were registered for our prospective studies. Overall, 70.4% of patients responded within 6 months and the probability of 10 year survival was 88.3±4.9%. The response rate of ATG and CsA therapy ranged from 60–80% in several large prospective studies for idiopathic AA.13–15 In our study, the response rate was 72% for 90 children with idiopathic AA.7 Given that the same response rate was observed for both HAA and idiopathic AA, it has been suggested that both diseases are mediated by a common immunopathologic mechanism. At the beginning of the AA 92 study, 3 patients developed typical interstitial pneumonitis at 38, 60, and 68 days after the start of IST, 2 of whom died. CMV-positive antigenemia was detected in peripheral blood cells from 2 of them. CMV pneumonitis is a common cause of death in severely immunocompromised hosts. A marked decrease in CD4+ lymphocytes was reported in patients with HAA.3–5 Therefore, it seems that ATG and CsA cause more intensive immunosuppression to reactivate CMV. We gave prophylactic therapy for interstitial pneumonitis as for patients who received allogeneic stem cell transplantation after which no patients suffered from interstitial pneumonitis. Therefore, prophylactic therapy and virologic surveillance for CMV are recommended after IST for patients with HAA.
Liver toxicity is one of the most common adverse effects in patients receiving ATG and CsA. In 70% of patients, liver dysfunction was observed within 3 weeks after treatment.13 It is, therefore, an important question whether IST exacerbates the preceding hepatitis. However, we did not observe any grade II to IV liver toxicity. Liver enzyme levels rapidly decreased after treatment even in patients with liver dysfunction. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are thought to cause liver damage in viral hepatitis.16,17 A recent study showed that the Fas/Fas-ligand pathway was involved in this process.18 ATG and CsA may eliminate the cytotoxic T lymphocytes and improve liver dysfunction. IST may therefore be useful even in patients with active hepatitis and it is recommended that therapy should start early.
In conclusion, these observations support the view that, for HAA patients without an HLA matched related donor, treatment with ATG and CsA should be started immediately after diagnosis, and BMT from an alternative donor is indicated as a salvage therapy for non-responders to the first IST.
Acknowledgments
we are indebted to physicians from the following centers, who reported the data of patients with HAA. Kobe University Hospital (Y. Kosaka); Hyogo College of Medicine (M. Yamamoto); Shinshu University Hospital (K. Koike); Fukushima Medical University Hospital (A. Kikuta); Nagoya City University Hospital (J. Banno); Jikei University Hospital (K. Fujisawa); Osaka University Hospital (J. Hara); Showa University Hospital (K. Isoyama); Fukui Red Cross Hospital (S. Hayashi); Kurume University Hospital (H. Eguchi); Yokohama City University Hospital (K. Ikuta); Hirosaki University Hospital (E. Eto); Keio University Hospital (T. Mori); National Seiiku Medical Center (M. Kumagai); Nakadori General Hospital (A. Watanabe); Gifu University Hospital (K. Isogai); Toyohashi City Hospital (T. Ito); Osaka Rosai Hospital (N. Kawamura); Hyogo Children’s Hospital (H. Misu); Okayama Saiseikai Hospital (T. Terasaki); Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Red Cross Hospital (K. Hamamoto); Shimane University Hospital (R. Kanai); National Defence Medical College (I. Sekine
Footnotes
Authors’ Contributions
SK is primarily responsible for the paper: SK, MY,AO and IT promoted and designed the study. HY collected and analyzed the data; YO, MS, YK, TT, TI, TS and JM took care of the patients. YO and HY wrote the report with a contribution from SK.
The authors reported no potential conflicts of interest.
Received for publication February 8, 2007. Accepted for publication September 24, 2007.
References
|
TOPABSTRACTDesign and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
- Lorenz E, Quaiser K. Panmyelopathy following epidemic hepatitis. Wien Med Wochenschr 1955;105:19-22.[Medline]
- Hagler L, Pastore RA, Bergin JJ, Wrensch MR. Aplastic anemia following viral hepatitis: report of two fatal cases and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 1975;54:139- 64.[Medline]
- Kojima S, Matsuyama K, Kodera Y, Okada J. Circulating activated suppressor T lymphocytes in hepatitis-associated aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol 1989;71:147-51.[Web of Science][Medline]
- Lu J, Basu A, Melenhorst JJ, Young NS, Brown KE. Analysis of T-cell repertoire in hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia. Blood 2004;103:4588-93.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Brown KE, Tisdale J, Barrett AJ, Dunbar CE, Young NS. Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1059-64.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Camitta BM, Thomas ED, Nathan DG, Gale RP, Kopechy KJ, Pappeport JM, et al. A prospective study of androgen and bone marrow transplantation for treatment of severe aplastic anemia. Blood 1979;53:504-14.
[Free Full Text] - Kojima S, Hibi S, Kosaka Y, Yamamoto M, Tsuchida M, Mugishima H, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy using antithymocyte globulin, cyclosporine, and danazol with or without human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in children with acquired aplastic anemia. Blood 2000;96:2049-54.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Sano K, Hibi S, Sato T, Ayukawa H, Kinoshita A, Kigasawa T, et al. Prospective multicenter trial comparing repeated immunosuppressive therapy (IST) versus stem cell transplantation (SCT) as a second line treatment for IST-resistant aplastic anemia (AA) children. Blood 2000;96 Suppl_1: 6a[abstract].
- Miller AB, Hoogstraten B, Staquet M, Winkler A. Reporting results of cancer treatment. Cancer 1981;47:207-14.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Mary JY, Baumelou E, Guiguet M. Epidemiology of aplastic anemia in France: a prospective multicentric study. Blood 1990;75:1646-53.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Young NS, Issaragrisil S, Chieh CW, Takaku F. Aplastic anaemia in the Orient. Br J Haematol 1986;62:1-6.[Web of Science][Medline]
- Savage WJ, DeRusso PA, Resar LM, Chen AR, Higman MA, Loeb DM, et al. Treatment of hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia with high-dose cyclophosphamide. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;on line (DOI 10.1002/pbc.21143).
- Frickhofen N, Kaltwasser JP, Schrezenmeier H, Raghavachar A, Vogt HG, Herrmann F, et al. Treatment of aplastic anemia with antilymphocyte globulin and methylprednisolone with or without cyclosporine. The German Aplastic Anemia Study Group. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1297-304.[Abstract]
- Rosenfeld SJ, Kimball J, Vining D, Young NS. Intensive immunosuppression with antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine as treatment for severe acquired aplastic anemia. Blood 1995;85:3058-65.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Bacigalupo A, Broccia G, Corda G, Arcese W, Carotenuto M, Gallamini A, et al. Antilymphocyte globulin, cyclosporin, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA): a pilot study of the EBMT SAA Working Party. Blood 1995;85:1348-53.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - van Hattum J, van Oudenaren A, Schalm SW, Visser JW, Benner R. T-lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with various courses after hepatitis B virus infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984;19:497-501.[Web of Science][Medline]
- Pham BN, Mosnier JF, Walker F, Njapoum C, Bougy F, Degott C, et al. Flow cytometry CD4+/CD8+ ratio of liver-derived lymphocytes correlates with viral replication in chronic hepatitis B. Clin Exp Immunol 1994;97:403-10.[Web of Science][Medline]
- Ono K, Tanaka Y, Kusano F, Kakinuma S, Ishidate K, Watanabe M, et al. Fas-ligand and perforin expression in infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the liver of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatol Res 2002;23:153-62.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||