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1 Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
2 Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
3 Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Correspondence: Po-Hung Chen, Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Tel: +886 7 3208214 Fax: +886 7 3216580. Email: m1238888{at}ms35.hinet.net
Key words: cutaneous lymphoma, hematodermic neoplasm, blastic natural killer cell.
CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm (formerly known as blastic natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma) is a rare and aggressive neoplasm with a poor prognosis. It is a recently described entity with a predilection for skin involvement.1 Previously, the disease was thought to originate from NK cells because the tumor cells express the CD56 surface antigen. Recent evidence suggests a plasmacytoid dendritic cell origin for the tumor cells.2,3 This lymphoma affects mainly elderly adults, and only a few pediatric cases have been reported.4–7 We here describe, for the first time, a case of cutaneous CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm presenting in an infant.
An 8-months-old male infant was brought to our Dermatology Outpatient Clinic with a two month history of a 2.5 cmx2.5 cm erythematous indurated plaque on his left upper back (Figure 1A), which was non-tender and firm on palpation. There were no palpable enlarged lymph nodes, and no hepatomegaly or splenomegaly. An incisional skin biopsy showed diffuse and dense infiltrate of medium-sized lymphoblastoid cells exhibiting irregularly-shaped nuclei in the dermis and subcutis (Figures 1B and C). The cytoplasm lacked azurophilic granules. There was a narrow Grenz zone separating the tumor cells from the epidermis, and epidermotropism of tumor cells was not seen. There were no neutrophils, eosinophils, or plasma cells. Angiocentricity, necrosis, or hemophagocytosis were not evident. The immunohistochemical stains (Figure 2) revealed positive reactions with CD4, CD45, CD56, CD123 and HLA-DR. Stains were negative with CD1a, CD3, CD20, CD30, CD34, CD117, myeloperoxidase (MPO), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), and S-100 protein. Epstein-Barr virus RNA (EBER) was not detectable on the skin biopsy specimen by in situ hybridization. Monoclonal T cell receptor gene rearrangements were not demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction. A diagnosis of CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm was made.
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CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm is a rare aggressive lymphoma with poor prognosis. It primarily affects elderly adults, and the median age at diagnosis is 65 years.5–7 Only a few pediatric cases have been described.4 Although often limited to the skin initially, progression to more generalized disease (with bone marrow involvement and leukemia) eventually occurs in almost all patients.6,7 Associated lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and involvement of other organs including the central nervous system could sometimes be seen.8 According to the recent World Health Organization-European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer classification, CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasms are immunohistochemically CD4+, CD56+, CD3–, and B-cell and myeloid antigen negative.1
Recently, the discovery of CD123 expression by tumor cells has shed light on the likely cell of origin for CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasms. Few normal cells are known to express the CD123 antigen, and the plasmacytoid dendritic cell is one of them.2,3 CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasms and plasmacytoid dendritic cells also frequently share the expression of HLA-DR, BDCA-2, TCL-1 (T cell leukemia 1) and CLA (cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen).9–11 In addition, CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasms have been found to express high levels of various plasmacytoid dendritic cell-related genes.12 Since this entity is no longer regarded to be derived from natural killer cells, the term blastic natural killer cell lymphoma has been superseded by CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm.
Whatever type or regimen of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is tried, the outcome remains dismal. Radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy with a variety of protocols generally produced a good initial response, but relapses occur in most cases in the following months. Presently, no therapies have demonstrated remissions for 5 years or more.6 In a recent study conducted by Assaf et al. (2007) which included 20 patients with CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm, the median survival was only 12 months.7 Moreover, so far no standard therapeutic approach to this disease has been established. In our case, the patient appeared to have a good initial response to an acute myeloid leukemia protocol (cytarabine and idarubicin) with regression of the skin lesion, but unfortunately died of complications of chemotherapy.
In this report, we describe an 8-months-old infant with CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm involving the skin and bone marrow. The clinical features, immature blastoid appearance, absence of azurophilic granules, lack of angiodestruction and necrosis, and EBV negativity differentiate it from EBV-positive nasal-type NK-cell lymphomas and aggressive NK-cell lymphoma/leukemia. The absence of markers for B-cells (CD20), T-cells (CD3), and myelomonocytic cells (myeloperoxidase, CD34, CD117) and the absence of monoclonal T cell receptor gene rearrangement excluded other types of lymphomas. The expressions of CD123 and HLA-DR support the derivation of tumor cells from plasmacytoid dendritic cells. This aggressive lymphoma affects mainly elderly adults, and to our knowledge, cutaneous presentation of this tumor at such a young age has never before been reported. This entity should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis of malignant lymphomas in infants.
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