4th Palermo Conference on INNOVATIVE THERAPIES FOR LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES
Published online 11 September 2008
Haematologica, Vol 93, Issue 11, 1758-1760 doi:10.3324/haematol.13265
Copyright © 2008 by Ferrata Storti Foundation
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Letters to the Editor

Monitoring for cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infection in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients receiving i.v. fludarabine-cyclophosphamide combination and alemtuzumab as consolidation therapy

Ester M. Orlandi, Fausto Baldanti, Annalisa Citro, Lara Pochintesta, Marta Gatti, Mario Lazzarino

Divisione di Ematologia, Clinica di Ematologia; Servizio di Virologia; Laboratori Sperimentali di Ricerca. Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo; Università di Pavia, Italy

Correspondence: Ester M. Orlandi, Division of Hematology, Clinic of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, viale Golgi, 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy. Phone: international +39.0382.503595. Fax: international +39.0382. 502250. E-mail: eorlandi{at}smatteo.pv.it

The combination of fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (FC) has become the standard of care in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. Due to the well-recognized F-related immunosuppression,1 a higher risk of opportunistic infections could be expected by adding another immunosuppressive agent. Randomized trials2–4 do not report a significantly higher rate of infections in patients receiving FC combination versus F alone as first-line therapy, although they do not focus on reactivation of latent viral infections. However, the combination of FC and dexamethasone has been associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in heavily pre-treated patients with lymphoproliferative diseases5 and with EBV-related histological transformation of CLL.6 In addition, sporadic cases of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on F-based therapy have been reported.7 The susceptibility to opportunistic infections related to defective cell-mediated immunity is even higher with alemtuzumab (AL),8 with particular concern for CMV infection. We report results from our surveillance program for CMV and EBV infections in patients treated with FC and AL as consolidation of response.

Sixty-seven CLL patients ≤ 65 years old ( median age 54 yrs) received FC combination for progressive disease defined according to NCIWG criteria (as first-line therapy in 53 and second-line in 14). All patients had signed an informed consent before inclusion in treatment and monitoring programs. Median time to treatment was 36 months (range: 1–79 mos) for first-line patients, while median interval from previous therapy to FC administration was 15 months (range 5–32 mos). FC consisted of F 25 mg/m2/d i.v. and C 250 mg/m2/d i.v. for three days every four weeks for 4–6 courses. Corticosteroids were not routinely administered. All patients received anti-Pneumocyctis Carinii (PC) prophylaxis and oral acyclovir or valacyclovir.

According to institutional treatment protocol, 17 responding patients (CR and PR according to NCIWG) with residual disease at 4-color flow cytometry underwent AL consolidation 3–4 months after completion of FC, at the dose of 30–60mg/wk for 3–10 weeks (median: 6 wks). AL was administered i.v. in 5 patients and s.c. in 12. The median cumulative dose of AL was 360 mg (range: 90–540). In these patients anti-infectious prophylaxis was maintained.

CMV infection was monitored by measuring pp65 positive cells/2x105 peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) until November 2005, and after then by detection of CMV DNA in whole blood by a quantitative realtime PCR assay.9 EBV monitoring was performed by measuring EBV DNA copies/105 PBMC by an in-house developed realtime PCR. Briefly, a 59 nt fragment of the BamH1 C/W fragment of EBV genome was amplified using the following primers: EBVSMF 5'-AGCGGGTCTATGGTTGGCT-3' and EBVSMR 5'-GCTTATTCCTCTTTTCCCCTCTAAA-3' in the presence of a FAM-labeled MGB TaqMan probe (EBVSM 5'-CGCTGCTGC-TATC-3') using a 7300 Real Time PCR System (Applied Biosystem, Foster City, CA, USA) and standard reagents (TaqMan® Unversal Master Mix, Applied Biosystem, Warrington, Cheshire, UK). The thermal profile was as follows: one cycle at 95°C for 10 mins., followed by 40 cycles at 95°C for 15 secs., and 60°C for 60 secs. A plasmid containing the amplified EBV fragment was used as external quantification standard. Patients were monitored every two weeks during FC therapy, monthly for three months after FC completion and weekly during AL consolidation. Absolute CD4 T-cell counts and CD8 T-cell counts were serially measured in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. Before starting FC therapy, CMV and EBV serologies were consistent with prior infection; no patients had detectable viral load for CMV or EBV DNAemia. The median number of FC courses was 4 (range: 2–6). During FC therapy, CMV infection was never detected, while a transient increase in EBV DNAemia was observed in 17 asymptomatic patients (median peak level: 108 copies/2x105 PBMC, range: 15–650). Two patients had dermatomal Varicella-Zoster infection and 2 had Herpes Simplex infection. Absolute CD4 T-cell counts significantly decreased from a median baseline value of 490/µL (range: 142–1965) to 167/µL (median post-FC value; range: 71–680) (p<0.05; Wilcoxon matched pairs test). The CD8 T-cell count decreased from a baseline median value of 520/µL to a median value of 399µ/L after FC therapy, although this was not statistically significant. During AL consolidation, CMV was detected in the blood of 9 patients ( 52%) with antigenemia peak levels ranging from 3 to 70 pp65 positive cells/2x105 PBL (3 pts) or DNAemia peak levels ranging from 3500 to 7900 CMV DNA copies/mL whole blood (6 pts). Median time to infection was three weeks from starting AL treatment. Ganciclovir was administered as pre-emptive therapy (as per institutional protocol) in 5 asymtomatic patients and in 4 patients presenting symptoms (fatigue, fever, cough, arthralgia) that could not be unequivocally linked with CMV infection (peak CMV value in these 4 pts: 70 pp65 positive cells/2x105 PBL; 3500, 4600, 7900 CMV DNA copies/mL whole blood respectively). Eight patients (47%) showed an increase in EBV DNA load with peak levels ranging from 95 to 6700 copies/105 PBMC (median: 624); EBV DNA load of 6700 copies/105 PBMC was detected in one patient with documented EBV-related nodal disease progression of CLL. Three patients were simultaneously positive for CMV and EBV DNA. Detection of CMV and EBV DNA in blood was not related to the underlying disease stage or the cumulative dose of AL. All CMV and EBV-positive patients recovered from infectious episodes. From the results of large randomized trials,3,4,10 FC combination therapy does not appear to be associated with a marked increase in infections. However, in these studies viral screening was not performed, despite recorded episodes of fever of unknown origin for which a viral pathogenesis could not be ruled out. In this respect, our results indicate that reactivation of latent viral infections is uncommon in patients receiving FC combination despite CD4 T-cell depletion. Specific PCR-based assays for CMV and EBV DNAemia should be performed in symptomatic patients in whom other infectious causes are considered unlikely and in heavily pre-treated patients, as the occurrence of opportunistic infections is related to disease duration and activity, and extensive prior treatment.11 CMV infection is a well-documented event in patients receiving AL and guidelines on the management of this complication have been published.12 We confirm the risk of CMV and EBV infection following AL administration also in the consolidation setting, and point out the need for a surveillance program including sequential determination of EBV DNA load in PBMC as well as CMV load in whole blood.

References

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  3. Flinn JW, Neuberg DS, Grever MR, Dewald GW, Bennett JM, Paietta EM, et al. Phase III trial of fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide compared with fludarabine for patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: US Intergroup Trial E2997. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:793-8.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
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  5. Lazzarino M, Orlandi E, Baldanti F, Furione M, Pagnucco G, Astori C, et al. The immunosuppression and potential for EBV reactivation of fludarabine combined with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Br J Haematol 1999;107:877-82.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  6. Thronton PD, Bellas C, Santon A, Shah G, Pocock C, Wotherspoon AC, et al. Richter’s transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The possible role of fludarabine and the Epstein-Barr virus in its pathogenesis. Leuk Res 2005;29:389-95.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  7. Ng AP, Worth L, Chen L, Seymour JF, Prince HM, Slavin M, et al. Cytomegalovirus DNAemia and disease: incidence, natural history and management in settings other than allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Haematolgica 2005;90:1672-9.
  8. Martin SI, Marty FM, Fiumare K, Treon SP, Gribben JG, Boden LR. Infectious complications associated with Alemtuzumab use for lymphoproliferative disorders. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:16-24.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
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  11. Hensel M, Kornacker M, Yammeni S, Egreer G, Ho AD. Disease activity and pre-treatment rather than hypogammaglobulinaemia are major risk factors for infectious complications in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2003;122:600-6.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  12. O’Brien S, Keating MJ, Mocarski ES. Updated guidelines on the management of Cytomegalovirus reactivation in patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia treated with Alemtuzumab. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2006;7:125-30.[Web of Science][Medline]




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