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Letters to the Editor |
1 Centre for Medical Oncology, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London;
2 Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London;
3 Department of Haematology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff;
4 Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
Correspondence: Carolyn Owen, MD, FRCPC, Centre for Medical Oncology, Institute of Cancer, Queen Mary School of Medicine & Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK. Phone: international +44.207.8825616. Fax: international +44.2078826004. E-mail:carolyn.owen{at}cancer.org.uk
Key words: AML, WTX, mutation.
WTX (Wilms’ tumor gene on the X chromosome) is inactivated in 30% of Wilms’ tumors, mostly by chromosomal deletion.1 The WTX protein is a component of the β-catenin destruction complex and promotes its ubiquitination and degradation, functioning as a negative regulator of WNT/β-catenin signaling.2 Several recent studies support a role for β-catenin in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), including evidence that β-catenin phosphorylation is regulated by FLT3,3 that β-catenin overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in AML,4 and that several components of the β-catenin complex are subject to rare mutation in AML.5
Rivera and co-workers noted that WTX mutations in Wilms’ tumors occurred independent of mutations in Wilms’ tumor 1 (WT1),1 the first gene linked to Wilms’ tumor and accounting for 10–20% of cases.6 Our group recently confirmed that WT1 is mutated in 11% of normal karyotype (NK) AML7 and we therefore looked for the presence of aberrations in the WTX gene in NK AML.
The role of WTX in AML was explored using a combination of PCR-based mutation screening, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and gene expression analyses. Cryopreserved leucopheresis or bone marrow samples from 60 patients with newly diagnosed NK AML were selected for investigation after obtaining informed consent, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. WTX mutation analysis was performed on genomic DNA from all patients (33 female, 27 male; median age at diagnosis 55 years). The molecular features of the samples were representative of de novo NK AML with 65% with NPM1 mutations and 38% with FLT3 internal-tandem duplications. PCR-based sequencing analysis of the WTX gene was restricted to a 1.5 Kb mutational hotspot within WTX in which all mutations were reported in the Wilms’ tumor cases. Details of the PCR conditions and primers are available on request. FISH was performed according to standard methods using fixed cells in 27 patient samples (16 female, 11 male; median age at diagnosis 52 years) in which sufficient stored cells were available for analysis. The cells were analyzed by dual color interphase FISH using the probes previously selected by Rivera and co-workers, produced from BAC clones RP11-1105p13 and RP11-54p15 (BACPAC Resources Center, Oakland, CA, USA). The RP11-1105p13 clone is located at the 5’ untranslated region of WTX while the control clone, RP11-54p15 locates to a region 5Mb telomeric to WTX. Gene expression analysis was performed using RNA extracted from 40 distinct NK AML samples (no overlap with the 60 samples used for mutation analysis and FISH). The Human Genome U133A Plus 2.0 Gene Chip (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA), which contains 54, 675 ProbeSets, was used following the manufacturer’s protocols. The raw data was imported into Partek software and normalized using RMA.
A single putative mutation was detected among the 60 analyzed NK AML cases. The missense mutation arose in an evolutionarily conserved residue (Lys292 
Asn292) (Figure 1A) and is identical to a mutation reported by Rivera et al. in their Wilms’ tumor series. Although a remission sample was not available for comparison to exclude the possibility of a rare polymorphism, Lys292 Asn292 was confirmed as an acquired mutation in the Wilms’ tumor case by comparison with non-tumor tissue from the same individual.1 A previously described non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was detected in 2 patient samples (Phe159 Leu159) and a silent SNP at amino acid 145 was noted in a single sample. Deletion was more common than mutation in Wilms’ tumor (22% vs. 8%);1 however, we excluded deletions in all 27 AML samples examined by FISH (Figure 1B). These data were also consistent with PCR amplification results in male samples in which all patient DNAs amplified satisfactorily. It should be noted, however, that this approach has potential limitations. The FISH strategy used here is not appropriate for detecting small intragenic deletions and the restricted sequencing would not detect aberrations, which are located outside the mutation hotspot region of WTX.
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The role of WT1 in normal and malignant hematopoiesis has still not been clearly defined while WTX’s role has not yet been examined. WT1 has been implicated as a cell cycle regulator promoting proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, and is thought to act in different situations, both as a tumor suppressor and as an oncogene.9 Functional studies of WTX suggest that it acts as a tumor suppressor gene in renal cells by negatively regulating WNT/β-catenin signaling.2 Aberrant activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling has been associated with several cancers.10 WTX ’s association with the WNT pathway is also consistent with previous reports of constitutive activation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway by mutations in the β-catenin gene in Wilms’ tumor.11
Murine models have demonstrated that WNT signaling is also involved in hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation and self-renewal.12 In contrast to Wilms’ tumor, β-catenin mutations have not been observed in AML but constitutive activation and overexpression of β-catenin occurs13 and is associated with a poorer survival in AML patients.4 The association between WT1 and WTX expression in renal cells and the association between WT1 and β-catenin mutations in Wilms’ tumor support the hypothesis that WT1 and WTX may be involved in similar cellular pathways in kidney development. However, mutations in WT1 and WTX were mutually exclusive in Wilms’ tumor, suggesting that the two proteins may function by separate pathways to achieve a similar neoplastic outcome.1 Therefore, WTX may exert its neoplastic effect via the WNT/β-catenin pathway in Wilms’ tumor but according to this current data, it is unlikely to explain aberrant WNT signaling activation in AML.
References
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