Published online 4 July 2008
Haematologica, Vol 93, Issue 8, 1137-1144 doi:10.3324/haematol.12838
Copyright © 2008 by Ferrata Storti Foundation
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by van Pel, M.
Right arrow Articles by Fibbe, W. E.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by van Pel, M.
Right arrow Articles by Fibbe, W. E.

Hematopoiesis

CD97 is differentially expressed on murine hematopoietic stem-and progenitor-cells

Melissa van Pel1, Henny Hagoort1, Jörg Hamann2, Willem E. Fibbe1

1 Department of Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden
2 Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Correspondence: Melisssa van Pel, PhD, Section of Stem Cell Biology Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands E-mail:m.van_pel{at}lumc.nl


arrow
ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
Introduction
 Design and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Background: CD97 is a member of the epidermal growth factor-seven transmembrane (EGF-TM7) family of adhesion receptors and is broadly expressed on hematopoietic cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of CD97 on hematopoietic stem- and progenitor cells (HSC/HPC).

Design and Methods: CD97 expression on hematopoietic stem- and progenitor cells was studied in BALB/c, C57BL/6 and DBA/1 mice using flow cytometry. Functional hematopoietic stem- and progenitor cell characteristics were investigated in vitro and in vivo by progenitor cell assays, cobblestone area forming cell assays and bone marrow cell transplantation.

Results: Analysis of CD97 expression on murine bone marrow cells showed three major populations i.e. CD97HI, CD97INT and CD97NEG cells. Functional studies revealed that radioprotective capacity and cobblestone area forming cell day 28–35 activity resides in the CD97INT bone marrow cell fraction while CFU-GM colony-forming capacity mainly resides in the CD97NEG population in all strains. In C57BL/6 and DBA/1 mice CD97NEG and CD97HI bone marrow cells show hematopoietic stem cell characteristics as well. Further functional analysis of BALB/c CD97INT bone marrow cells revealed that c-KitHICD97INT bone marrow cells exhibit HSC activity and are 1.5-fold enriched for cobblestone area forming cell-day 35 activity compared to c-KitHI bone marrow cells. Moreover, phenotypical analysis showed that BALB/c and C57BL/6 HSC are CD97INT, while DBA/1 HSC are CD97HI.

Conclusions: CD97 is differentially expressed on hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells. Committed progenitor cell activity is largely comprised in the CD97NEG fraction, while the CD97INT population contains hematopoietic stem cell activity. In BALB/c mice, CD97 expression can be applied to almost completely separate colony-forming cells and cells exhibiting radioprotective capacity. In addition we propose that the CD97INTc-KitHI phenotype allows simple and rapid purification of murine hematopoietic stem cells.

Key words: hematopoietic stem cells, CD97, mouse model, hematopoietic progenitor cells.


arrow
Introduction
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
Design and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are capable of extensive self-renewal and confer long-term multilineage repopulating ability upon infusion into a myeloablated recipient.1 Although human HSC are characterized by only a few cell surface markers,1–3 the phenotype of murine HSC is defined by a variety of cell surface molecules. Murine HSC have been identified as c-KitPOSThy-1LOLinNEG/LOSca-1POS.4–6 However, this population contains a mixture of HSC and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) that exhibit long-and short-term repopulating ability, respectively.7 To increase the frequency of HSC with long-term repopulating capacity within this KitPOSThy-1LOLinNEG/LOSca-1POS population, further selection using rhodamine-123, wheat germ agglutinin or a combination of anti-CD11b and anti-CD4 antibodies has been used.8–10

CD97 is a member of the epidermal growth factor-seven transmembrane (EGF-TM7) receptor family.11,12 CD97 is characterized by an extended extracellular region comprising several tandemly arranged EGF-like domains coupled to the TM7 region by a spacer. As a result of alternative RNA splicing three isoforms, comprising different numbers of EGF-like domains, are expressed in humans and mice.12–14 Except for smooth muscle cells and a restricted set of epithelial tumors, CD97 is only expressed on a broad array of hematopoietic cells including (activated) lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells.15,16

CD55 (decay accelerating factor), chondroitin sulfate and the integrin {alpha} 5 β 1 (also known as VLA-5) have been identified as cellular ligands for CD97.12,13,17,18,19 The composition of the EGF domain region defines the lig-and specificity of the different CD97 isoforms. The first and second EGF domains interact with CD55, whereas the fourth EGF domain binds chondroitin sulphate.17,18,20 The ligand affinity of the CD97 isoforms differs. While affinity for CD55 is significantly higher for the smaller isoforms,21,22 chondroitin sulphate interacts exclusively with the largest isoforms.18

In this study we investigated the expression of CD97 on HSC and HPC obtained from different mouse strains.


arrow
Design and Methods
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Design and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Animals
Eight to 12-week old male BALB/c and DBA/1 mice were purchased from Charles River (Maastricht, The Netherlands), and male C57BL/6-Ly5.2 mice (8–12 weeks old) were obtained from Bioservices (Uden, The Netherlands). C57BL/6-Ly5.1 congenic recipients were bred in our own facilities and were used at 8–12 weeks of age. The animals were fed commercial rodent chow and allowed acidified water ad libitum and were maintained in the animal facility of the Leiden University Medical Center under conventional conditions. All experimental protocols were approved by the institutional ethics committee on animal experiments.

Antibodies for cell sorting and analysis
CD97 expression was assessed by flow cytometry using a biotinylated hamster anti-murine CD97 monoclonal antibody (clone 1B2)23 directed against the first EGF-like domain of murine CD97 and was stained with streptavidin-APC or streptavidin-PE-Cy7 (both obtained from Caltag Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). To analyze the phenotype of CD97 subpopulations, cells were stained with FITC-labeled anti-CD8 (clone 53-6.7), anti-CD4 (clone GK1.5), anti-B220 (clone RA3-6B2), anti-CD11b (clone M1/70), anti-GR-1 (clone RB6-8C5), anti-CD3 (clone 145-2C11; all obtained from Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, USA) and anti-TER119 (clone Ter-119; obtained from Caltag Laboratories). These markers are further designated as Linmarkers. Phycoerythrin-labeled anti-CD117 (c-Kit, clone 2B8) and biotinylated anti-CD90.2 (Thy1.2, clone 53-2.1) were obtained from Pharmingen. CD90.2 was stained with streptavidin PE-Cy5. Biotinylated Sca-1 (clone D7) was purchased from Pharmingen and was stained with streptavidin APC-Cy7 (Pharmingen).

Hoechst 33342 staining was performed as previously described.24 Briefly, bone marrow cells were resuspended in RPMI (Life Technologies, Paisley, Scotland), containing 2% heat inactivated fetal calf serum, 25 mM HEPES, penicillin, streptomycin and Hoechst 33342 (5 µg/mL, Molecular Probes Europe, Leiden, The Netherlands) and incubated for 90 minutes at 37°C. Next the cells were washed in cold medium and maintained at 4°C until analysis on a LSRII flowcytometer (Beckton Dickinson, Mountain View, CA, USA).

Preparation of cell suspensions
Using sterile procedures, bone marrow cells were obtained by flushing femoral, tibial and humeral bones from donor mice with RPMI medium (Life Technologies, Paisley, Scotland) supplemented with 2% heat inactivated fetal calf serum, 10% heparin, penicillin and streptomycin. After incubation with DNAse (1.33 µg/mL), erythrocytes were lysed. Subsequently, the cells were sorted on a FACS Aria (Beckton Dickinson). As a control, total bone marrow cells were sorted for the life-gate, based on forward scatter/side scatter characteristics. All populations used in experiments were of ≥ 95% purity.

Progenitor cell assays
Colony forming units-granulocyte monocyte (CFU-GM) were cultured as described previously.25 Briefly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured in 3.5-cm dishes containing 5 x 105 cells/mL in semisolid medium in the presence of recombinant murine granulocytemonocyte colony-stimulating factor (1.25 ng/mL, Pharmingen). Bone marrow cells were cultured at a concentration of 5 x 104 cells/mL. After 6 days of culture in a fully humidified atmosphere of 37°C containing 5% CO2, the number of colonies (defined as an aggregate of ≥ 20 cells) was scored using an inverted light microscope.

Cobblestone area forming cell (CAFC) assay
Confluent stromal layers of FBMD-1 cells in flat-bottomed 96-well plates (Falcon, Etten-Leur, The Netherlands) were overlaid with various dilutions of freshly sorted bone marrow cells to allow limiting dilution analysis of the precursor cells forming hematopoietic clones under the stromal layers. To assay a particular cell suspension, we used eight dilution steps differing by a factor of 2.5, with 15 wells per dilution. The cells were cultured at 33°C in 7% CO2 and were fed weekly by changing half of the medium. Between 7 and 42 days after overlay, all wells were inspected at weekly intervals and scored positive if at least one phase-dark hematopoietic clone (cobblestone area, at least 5 cells) was observed. The CAFC frequencies were calculated using Poisson statistics.

Bone marrow cell transplantation
Recipient mice were irradiated in perspex chambers with a linear accelerator (Philips SL 75-5/6 mV, Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands) at a dose rate of 98 cGy/min. Total doses of 9.5 Gy (BALB/c and C57BL/6) and 9.0 Gy (DBA/1; lethal irradiation) were administered. Four to 8 hours following total body irradiation, bone marrow cells were injected into the caudal vein in 0.2 mL of saline, containing 0.2% bovine serum albumin.

Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed with the Student’s t-test and the log-rank test, using GraphPadPRISM (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.


arrow
Results
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Design and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
The CD97NEG bone marrow cell fraction is enriched in colony-forming cells
To evaluate the expression of CD97 on murine bone marrow cells, primary BALB/c, C57BL/6 and DBA/1 bone marrow cells were stained with anti-CD97 monoclonal antibodies. FACS analysis showed three major populations i.e. CD97HI, CD97INT and CD97NEG cells (Figure 1A). The majority of bone marrow cells stained highly positive for CD97 (range 58–67% of total bone marrow cells), while 27–33% showed an intermediate expression of CD97. Only a small proportion of bone marrow cells did not express CD97 (range 4–10%; Figure 1B). No significant differences were detected between the different strains of mice.


Figure 1931137
View larger version (29K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Figure 1. Hematopoietic progenitor cells are CD97NEG. (A) Murine bone marrow cells can be divided into three major populations according to CD97 expression. Bone marrow cells were stained with anti-CD97 monoclonal antibody and CD97 expression was evaluated by flow cytometric analysis. The percentages indicate the cell fractions defined by the gates shown. (B) Mean percentage ± SD of bone marrow cells in each CD97 fraction. (C) Based on CD97 expression, bone marrow was sorted into CD97HI, CD97INT and CD97NEG populations. The colony-forming capacity of each CD97-sorted bone marrow cell population was analyzed. Results of six independent experiments are shown as mean±SD. *p≤ 0.01 vs. CD97INT and total bone marrow. (D) Relative increase in CFU-GM colony formation compared to total bone

Based on CD97 expression, bone marrow cells were sorted into highly pure CD97HI, CD97INT and CD97NEG populations. Subsequently, CFU-GM colony-forming capacity was analyzed in the different CD97 subsets. Although the frequency of progenitor cells in total bone marrow cells varied between the different mouse strains (3,840±1,086, 8,070±970.6 and 13,251±7,342 CFU-GM per 106cells for BALB/c, C57BL/6 and DBA/1, respectively) the lowest frequency of CFU-GM colonies was detected in the CD97HI group in all strains. Furthermore, the highest frequency of progenitors was detected in the CD97NEG population, while the CD97INT fraction contained colony-forming cells at levels comparable to those in total bone marrow cells (Figure 1C and 1D). These results indicate that the majority of HPC with colony-forming capacity are present in the CD97NEG bone marrow cell fraction.

Enrichment of repopulating hematopoietic stem cell in the CD97INT bone marrow cells subset
To enumerate the frequency of primitive stem cells with long-term repopulating ability in the CD97HI, CD97INT and CD97NEG populations, sorted BALB/c, C57BL/6 and DBA/1 bone marrow cells were tested in CAFC assays.

In bone marrow cells obtained from BALB/c mice, the highest proportion of CAFC-day 7, representing cells with progenitor cell activity, was found in the CD97NEG fraction compared to in CD97HI, CD97INT and total bone marrow cells (Figure 2A). However, the frequency of CAFC in the CD97NEG population decreased during the weeks of culture and no CAFC-day 28/35 were present in the CD97NEG fraction. The CD97HI bone marrow cells fraction contained very few CAFC throughout the whole culture period and did not contain CAFC-day 28/35. In contrast, the CD97INT bone marrow cells showed a high frequency of CAFC-day 7 compared to that in total bone marrow cells, and the frequency of CAFC remained high throughout the entire culture period. In bone marrow cells obtained from BALB/c mice, the CD97INT population was the only population containing CAFC-day 28/35. This indicates that HSC are contained in the CD97INT population.


Figure 2931137
View larger version (43K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Figure 2. CAFC-day 35 cells are CD97INT. (A) CD97HI, CD97INT and CD97NEG bone marrow (BM) populations were analyzed for CAFC-forming capacity over 5 weeks. Results of three independent experiments are shown as mean ± SD. (B) CAFC-day 35 forming capacity of bone marrow cells that were sorted based on CD97 expression. Results are shown as mean ± SD.

Analysis of bone marrow cells obtained from C57BL/6 and DBA/1 mice indicated that the majority of CAFC-day 7 were found in the CD97INT population and the frequency of CAFC remained highest in the CD97INT population throughout the entire culture period (Figure 2A). In bone marrow cells obtained from C57BL/6 mice, CAFC-day 35 were also found in the CD97NEG fraction at very low frequencies (0.1±0.1 CAFC-day 35 per 105 CD97NEG bone marrow cells). In DBA/1 bone marrow cells, CAFC-day 35 cells were also detected in the CD97HI fraction (0.3±0.3 CAFC-day 35 per 105 CD97HI bone marrow cells; Figure 2B).

CD97INT bone marrow cells are radioprotective in vivo
To investigate the repopulating ability of the different CD97-sorted bone marrow cells fractions, 1 x 105 CD97-sorted bone marrow cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated syngeneic (BALB/c and DBA/1) or congenic (C57BL/6) recipient mice. Transplantation of 1 x 105 CD97INT bone marrow cells showed a radioprotection rate of ≥ 70% at 150 days following transplantation in all strains (Figure 3A). Furthermore, CD97HI bone marrow cells obtained from C57BL/6 donors gave 40% radioprotection in lethally irradiated congenic recipients. In DBA/1 recipients, CD97HI and CD97NEG bone marrow cells gave radioprotection rates of 90% and 67%, respectively (n ≥ 10; two independent experiments). None of the control mice that received total body irradiation alone (n=6 per strain; two independent experiments) was radioprotected at 8 weeks following transplantation. To confirm that CD97INT bone marrow cells exhibited long-term repopulating ability, lethally irradiated (9.5 Gy) secondary recipient mice were transplanted with 1 x 105 total bone marrow cells obtained either from mice that had previously received 1 x 105 CD97INT bone marrow cells or from recipients of 1 x 105 total bone marrow cells. At 150 days following transplantation, four of the five mice that were secondary recipients of CD97INT bone marrow cells and four of the five secondary recipients of 1 x 105 total bone marrow cells were radioprotected (p<0.01 compared to irradiated controls; Figure 3B). FACS analysis revealed that all hematopoietic lineages were reconstituted in all of the radioprotected recipient mice (data not shown).


Figure 3931137
View larger version (23K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Figure 3. CD97INT bone marrow cells are radioprotective in vivo. (A) Radioprotection by 1x105 CD97-sorted bone marrow cells. Lethally irradiated recipients (9.5 Gy; n=10 per group, two independent experiments) were transplanted with 1x105 total bone marrow cells or 1x105 purified CD97HI, CD97HI and CD97NEG bone marrow cells. (B) Radioprotection by 1x105 sorted bone marrow cells in second recipients. Lethally irradiated recipients of 1x105 CD97INT transplanted bone marrow cells were sacrificed on day 126 after bone marrow transplantation and bone marrow cells were harvested. Subsequently, 1x105 total bone marrow cells were administered to lethally irradiated (9.5 Gy) second recipients (n=5 per group).

Together, these results indicate that the CD97INT bone marrow cell fraction contains HSC with long-term repopulating ability in vitro and in vivo.

CD97 is differentially expressed on BALB/c, C57BL/6 and DBA/1 hematopoietic stem cell
To evaluate the expression of CD97 on cells that are phenotypically characterized as HSC, total unseparated bone marrow cells were stained for CD97, c-Kit, Thy-1, Lin markers, Sca-1 and Hoechst 33342. Subsequently, the expression of CD97 was analyzed within the c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEG population (BALB/c) or within the c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEGSca-1POS (C57BL/6 and DBA/1) population. In both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, the majority of c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEG (BALB/c) and c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEGSca-1POS (C57BL/6) bone marrow cells are CD97INT. In contrast, in DBA/1 mice, c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEGSca-1POS bone marrow cells are CD97HI (Figure 4). Next, Hoechst 33342 dye efflux was used as a marker to identify the hematopoietically active bone marrow cell subset known as the side population.24 We used the side population as an additional selection criterion for HSC, in combination with c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEG(Sca-1POS). In bone marrow cells obtained from BALB/c mice, 96.7% of the c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEG-side population cells were CD97INT and 95.0% of the c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEGSca-1POS-side population C57BL/6 BMC were CD97INT (Figure 4). In contrast, in bone marrow cells that were obtained from DBA/1 mice, 100% of the c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEGSca-1POS-side population were CD97HI (Figure 4).


Figure 4931137
View larger version (20K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Figure 4. CD97 is differentially expressed on BALB/c, C57BL/6 and DBA/1 HSC. (A) Bone marrow cells obtained from BALB/c, C57BL/6 and DBA/1 mice were stained for CD97, c-Kit, Thy-1, Lin markers, Sca-1 and Hoechst 33342. (B) CD97 expression was analyzed on c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEG (KTL; BALB/c) or within the c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEGSca-1POS (KTLS; C57BL/6 and DBA/1) cells. (C) Hoechst 33342 dye efflux was used to identify the side population (SP) and CD97 expression was analyzed within the KTL(S)-SP population.

The CD97INTc-KitHI phenotype confers long-term repopulating ability and is highly enriched for HSC
The isolation of murine HSC is a multistep process, consisting of both positive and negative selection.4 To investigate whether long-term repopulating HSC in BALB/c mice can be isolated based on CD97 and c-Kit expression levels, we investigated the HSC and HPC content of CD97INTc-KitHI in vitro as well as their repopulating ability in vivo.

The usage of intermediate CD97 expression as an isolation marker for HSC in addition to high c-Kit expression, led to a further 2.2-fold increase in CAFC-day 28 and a 1.5-fold increase in CAFC-day 35 cells as compared to the use of c-KitHI alone (Figure 5A). Moreover, intermediate expression of CD97 is a useful marker to further enrich c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEG bone marrow cells for HSC activity, since the frequency of CAFC-day28/35 in the c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEG population was increased 1.5-fold when c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEG cells were also selected for CD97INT expression (Figure 5A, 5B).


Figure 5931137
View larger version (22K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Figure 5. Stem cells with long-term repopulating ability are contained in the c-KitHICD97INT bone marrow cell fraction. (A) c-KitHI, c-KitHICD97INT, c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEG (KTL) and KTL-CD97INT bone marrow cell populations were analyzed for CAFC-forming capacity over 5 weeks. Results of three independent experiments are shown as mean ± SD. (B) c-KitHI, c-KitHICD97INT, KTL and KTL-CD97INT bone marrow cell populations were analyzed for CAFC-forming capacity over 5 weeks. Results are shown as mean ± SD. (C) Radioprotection by 1x105 bone marrow cells. Lethally irradiated recipients (9.5 Gy; n=5–10 per group) were transplanted with 1x105 total bone marrow cells or 1x105 purified c-KitHI, c-KitHICD97INT bone marrow cells.

To investigate the repopulating ability of bone marrow cell subsets that are enriched for HSC activity, lethally irradiated recipient mice were transplanted with either 1 x 105 c-KitHI or 1 x 105 c-KitHICD97INT bone marrow cells (n=5 per group). Sixty percent of the mice that were transplanted with c-KitHI bone marrow cells survived long-term (i.e. >150 days), whereas the radio-protection rate of c-KitHICD97INT bone marrow cells was 100% (Figure 5C).

In conclusion, these in vitro and in vivo data indicate that addition of CD97INT as a selection marker for primitive HSC leads to a significant further enrichment of primitive stem cells.


arrow
Discussion
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Design and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
CD97 is a cell-surface molecule that is expressed on cells of the immune system.15,16 It is a member of the EGF-TM7 family of adhesion class heptahelical receptors. In the present study, we investigated the expression of CD97 on hematopoietic stem- and progenitor cells obtained from different mouse strains. We show that committed progenitor cell activity is largely present in the CD97NEG fraction, while the CD97INT population of all mouse strains contains HSC activity, although there are differences in levels of CD97 expression between the individual strains. To investigate HSC characteristics, in vivo repopulation assays are used in which the radioprotective capacity of transplanted cell populations are examined. Furthermore, surrogate markers for stem cell activity are measured in vitro, including colony-forming capacity to determine progenitor cell content and the CAFC assay. The latter assay measures a spectrum of hematopoietic cells and allows early progenitor cells (arising at day 7–14 of culture) to be separated from more primitive HSC with long-term repopulating ability (day 28–35 CAFC).

In BALB/c mice, CD97INT cells are the only bone marrow subpopulation with HSC characteristics, including repopulating capacity in vivo and CAFC-day 35 activity in vitro. The majority of colony-forming progenitor cells and CAFC-day 7 cells, representing HPC with short-term repopulating ability, reside in the CD97NEG sub-population and transplantation of 1 x 105 CD97NEG bone marrow cells was not radioprotective in vivo, indicating that this population is depleted of cells with repopulating ability. In addition, CD97NEG bone marrow cells do not exhibit CAFC-day 28–35 activity in vitro and side population cells are not contained in the CD97NEG population. CD97HI bone marrow cells do not show any HSC or HPC activity in vivo or in vitro. In addition, phenotypic analysis revealed that these cells are mainly LinPOSc-KitNEG cells and are not side population cells. This indicates that the CD97HI bone marrow subset contains lineage committed cells that do not have any repopulating ability in vivo. These data suggest that, upon differentiation to colony-forming cells, HSC lose their CD97 expression and on further lineage commitment CD97 is re-expressed. In addition, transwell migration studies showed that CD97INT bone marrow cells are the only CD97 population that actively migrates towards SDF-1 (data not shown). Although we did not evaluate CXCR4 expression on CD97INT bone marrow cells directly, these data strongly suggest that CD97INT bone marrow cells express CXCR4.

In C57BL/6 and DBA/1 mice, CD97 expression on HSC is less unambiguous. As for BALB/c, CD97INT bone marrow cells exhibit functional characteristics of HSC, including repopulating capacity in vivo and CAFC-day 35 activity in vitro. However, CD97NEG bone marrow cells obtained from C57BL/6 mice and CD97HI bone marrow cells obtained from DBA/1 mice exhibit CAFC-day 35 activity. Furthermore, CD97HI bone marrow cells obtained from both C57BL/6 and DBA/1 mice and DBA/1 CD97NEG cells are radioprotective in vivo. Phenotypically, c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEGSca-1POS-side population cells obtained from C57BL/6 bone marrow cells are CD97INT, while c-KitHOThy-1LOLinNEGSca-1POS-side population cells originating from DBA/1 donors are CD97HI.

Murine HSC are phenotypically defined by a complex expression of different surface molecules.4,5,6 As a consequence, the isolation of primitive HSC involves a procedure that requires both magnetic and fluorescent cell sorting steps. Here, we show that primitive HSC can be easily isolated on the basis of CD97 and c-Kit expression. Furthermore, we show that using CD97 as a marker, in combination with the conventional HSC isolation methods, leads to enrichment of a bone marrow cell population that contains a higher frequency of HSC with radioprotective and long-term repopulating abilities. We show that CD97 can be successfully applied to enrich for primitive HSC. Addition of CD97INT as a selection marker to c-KitHI leads to a more than 2-fold increase in CAFC-day 28 activity. Furthermore, addition of selection of CD97INT bone marrow cells in combination with c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEG, leads to a further increase in CAFC-day 28 activity compared to that obtained by c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEG selection alone. These data indicate that the addition of CD97INT as a selection marker for the isolation of primitive cells with long-term repopulating ability can strongly increase the frequency of primitive HSC.

Preliminary data on CD97 expression on human bone marrow cells showed that, as for murine bone marrow cells, human bone marrow cells can be divided according to CD97 expression into CD97HI, CD97INT and CD97NEG subpopulations. Co-staining with CD45, CD34 and CD38 revealed a small subpopulation that is CD45POSCD34POSCD38NEGCD97INT.26 Although further studies are required, these data suggest that CD97 may also be differentially expressed on human HSC and HPC.

Despite accumulating data on the molecular structure and expression of CD97, we are only beginning to understand the physiological role of this molecule. Increased expression of CD97 has been implicated in several diseases linked with autoimmunity, such as multiple sclerosis27 and rheumatoid arthitis,28,29 and with tumor migration and invasiveness.30,31 Recently, it has been shown that CD97 is involved in neutrophil migration and angiogenesis.19,23 The role of CD97 in neutrophil migration is further strengthened by our finding that neutralizing antibodies directed against CD97 inhibit interleukin-8-induced HSC mobilization,32 since neutrophils are indispensable for interleukin-8-induced HSC/HPC mobilization.33 However, the molecular function of CD97 on HSC and HPC is currently unclear and requires further investigation.

In conclusion, we show that CD97 is intermediately expressed on HSC and that CD97NEG bone marrow cells are colony-forming progenitor cells that are not radio-protective in vivo. In addition, in DBA/1 and C57BL/6 mice, CD97INT is not the only HSC population, since CD97HI and CD97NEG bone marrow cells also show HSC characteristics. Moreover, we found that addition of CD97INT as a marker for HSC leads to a further enrichment in primitive HSC, compared to the c-KitHIThy-1LOLinNEG phenotype. We conclude that the CD97INTc-KitHI phenotype separates colony-forming cells from cells with repopulating capacity and allows simple and rapid purification of murine HSC.


arrow
Acknowledgments
 
we would like to thank Menno van der Hoorn en Guido de Roo for technical assistance and Mark Kwakkenbos for helpful discussions.


arrow
Footnotes
 
Funding: this study was financially supported by a grant from the Dutch Cancer Society (NKB; grant n. RUL2002-2720)

Authorship and Disclosures

MVP: conception and design of the study, collection, analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the paper; HH: collection, analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the paper; JH: conception and design of the study and critical revision of the manuscript; WEF: conception and design of the study, interpretation of the data and critical revision of the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. The authors reported no potential conflicts of interest.

Received for publication January 31, 2007. Revision received March 12, 2008. Accepted for publication April 11, 2008.


arrow
References
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Design and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
  1. Kondo M, Wagers AJ, Manz MG, Prohaska SS, Scherer DC, Beilhack GF, et al. Biology of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors: implications for clinical application. Annu Rev Immunol 2003;21:759-806.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  2. Bhatia M, Wang JC, Kapp U, Bonnet D, Dick JE. Purification of primitive human hematopoietic cells capable of repopulating immune-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:5320-5.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Gallacher L, Murdoch B, Wu DM, Karanu FN, Keeney M, Bhatia M. Isolation and characterization of human CD34(–)Lin(–) and CD34(+)Lin(–) hematopoietic stem cells using cell surface markers AC133 and CD7. Blood 2000;95:2813-20.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Spangrude GJ, Heimfeld S, Weissman IL. Purification and characterization of mouse hematopoietic stem cells. Science 1988;241:58-62.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Uchida N, Weissman IL. Searching for hematopoietic stem cells: evidence that Thy-1.1lo Lin- Sca-1+ cells are the only stem cells in C57BL/Ka-Thy-1.1 bone marrow. J Exp Med 1992;175:175-84.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Ikuta K, Weissman IL. Evidence that hematopoietic stem cells express mouse c-kit but do not depend on steel factor for their generation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:1502-6.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Smith LG, Weissman IL, Heimfeld S. Clonal analysis of hematopoietic stem-cell differentiation in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:2788-92.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Spangrude GJ, Brooks DM, Tumas DB. Long-term repopulation of irradiated mice with limiting numbers of purified hematopoietic stem cells: in vivo expansion of stem cell phenotype but not function. Blood 1995;85:1006-16.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Ploemacher RE, van der Loo JC, van Beurden CA, Baert MR. Wheat germ agglutinin affinity of murine hemopoietic stem cell subpopulations is an inverse function of their long-term repopulating ability in vitro and in vivo. Leukemia 1993;7:120-30.[Web of Science][Medline]
  10. Morrison SJ, Wandycz AM, Hemmati HD, Wright DE, Weissman IL. Identification of a lineage of multipotent hematopoietic progenitors. Development 1997;124:1929-39.[Abstract]
  11. Hamann J, Eichler W, Hamann D, Kerstens HM, Poddighe PJ, Hoovers JM, et al. Expression cloning and chromosomal mapping of the leukocyte activation antigen CD97, a new seven-span transmembrane molecule of the secretion receptor superfamily with an unusual extracellular domain. J Immunol 1995;155:1942-50.[Abstract]
  12. Qian YM, Haino M, Kelly K, Song WC. Structural characterization of mouse CD97 and study of its specific interaction with the murine decay-accelerating factor (DAF, CD55). Immunology 1999;98:303-11.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  13. Hamann J, van Zeventer C, Bijl A, Molenaar C, Tesselaar K, van Lier RA. Molecular cloning and characterization of mouse CD97. Int Immunol 2000;12:439-48.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Gray JX, Haino M, Roth MJ, Maguire JE, Jensen PN, Yarme A, et al. CD97 is a processed, seven-transmembrane, heterodimeric receptor associated with inflammation. J Immunol 1996;157:5438-47.[Abstract]
  15. Jaspars LH, Vos W, Aust G, van Lier RA, Hamann J. Tissue distribution of the human CD97 EGF-TM7 receptor. Tissue Antigens 2001;57:325-31.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  16. Kwakkenbos MJ, Kop EN, Stacey M, Matmati M, Gordon S, Lin HH, et al. The EGF-TM7 family: a postgenomic view. Immunogenetics 2004;55:655-66.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  17. Hamann J, Vogel B, van Schijndel GM, van Lier RA. The seven-span transmembrane receptor CD97 has a cellular ligand (CD55, DAF). J Exp Med 1996;184:1185-9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. Stacey M, Chang GW, Davies JQ, Kwakkenbos MJ, Sanderson RD, Hamann J, et al. The epidermal growth factor-like domains of the human EMR2 receptor mediate cell attachment through chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Blood 2003;102:2916-24.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Wang T, Ward Y, Tian L, Lake R, Guedez L, Stetler-Stevenson WG, et al. CD97, an adhesion receptor on inflammatory cells, stimulates angiogenesis through binding integrin counterreceptors on endothelial cells. Blood 2005;105:2836-44.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  20. Kwakkenbos MJ, Pouwels W, Matmati M, Stacey M, Lin HH, Gordon S, et al. Expression of the largest CD97 and EMR2 isoforms on leukocytes facilitates a specific interaction with chondroitin sulfate on B cells. J Leukoc Biol 2005;77:112-9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Lin HH, Stacey M, Saxby C, Knott V, Chaudhry Y, Evans D, et al. Molecular analysis of the epidermal growth factor-like short consensus repeat domain-mediated protein-protein interactions: dissection of the CD97-CD55 complex. J Biol Chem 2001;276:24160-9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Hamann J, Stortelers C, Kiss-Toth E, Vogel B, Eichler W, van Lier RA. Characterization of the CD55 (DAF)-binding site on the seven-span trans-membrane receptor CD97. Eur J Immunol 1998;28:1701-7.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  23. Leemans JC, te Velde AA, Florquin S, Bennink RJ, de Bruin K, van Lier RA, et al. The epidermal growth factor-seven transmembrane (EGF-TM7) receptor CD97 is required for neutrophil migration and host defense. J Immunol 2004;172:1125-31.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Goodell MA, Brose K, Paradis G, Conner AS, Mulligan RC. Isolation and functional properties of murine hematopoietic stem cells that are replicating in vivo. J Exp Med 1996;183:1797-806.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Fibbe WE, Hamilton MS, Laterveer LL, Kibbelaar RE, Falkenburg JH, Visser JW, et al. Sustained engraftment of mice transplanted with IL-1-primed blood-derived stem cells. J Immunol 1992;148:417-21.[Abstract]
  26. Matmati M, Pouwels W, van BR, Jansen M, Hoek RM, Verhoeven AJ, et al. The human EGF-TM7 receptor EMR3 is a marker for mature granulocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2007;81:440-8.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  27. Visser L, de Vos AF, Hamann J, Melief MJ, van Meurs M, van Lier RA, et al. Expression of the EGF-TM7 receptor CD97 and its ligand CD55 (DAF) in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2002;132:156-63.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  28. Hamann J, Wishaupt JO, van Lier RA, Smeets TJ, Breedveld FC, Tak PP. Expression of the activation antigen CD97 and its ligand CD55 in rheumatoid synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:650-8.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  29. Kop EN, Kwakkenbos MJ, Teske GJ, Kraan MC, Smeets TJ, Stacey M, et al. Identification of the epidermal growth factor-TM7 receptor EMR2 and its ligand dermatan sulfate in rheumatoid synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:442-50.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  30. Steinert M, Wobus M, Boltze C, Schutz A, Wahlbuhl M, Hamann J, et al. Expression and regulation of CD97 in colorectal carcinoma cell lines and tumor tissues. Am J Pathol 2002;161:1657-67.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Aust G, Eichler W, Laue S, Lehmann I, Heldin NE, Lotz O, et al. CD97: a dedifferentiation marker in human thyroid carcinomas. Cancer Res 1997;57:1798-806.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  32. van Pel M, Hagoort H, Kwakkenbos MJ, Hamann J, Fibbe WE. Differential role of CD97 in interleukin-8-induced and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor-induced hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell mobilization. Haematologica 2008;93:601-4.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  33. Pruijt JF, Verzaal P, van Os R, de Kruijf EJ, van Schie ML, Mantovani A, et al. Neutrophils are indispensable for hematopoietic stem cell mobilization induced by interleukin-8 in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:6228-33.[Abstract/Free Full Text]




This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by van Pel, M.
Right arrow Articles by Fibbe, W. E.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by van Pel, M.
Right arrow Articles by Fibbe, W. E.