Published online 18 July 2008
Haematologica, Vol 93, Issue 9, 1420-1422 doi:10.3324/haematol.12846
Copyright © 2008 by Ferrata Storti Foundation
The International Prognostic Scoring System for Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia is applicable in patients treated with rituximab-based regimens
Meletios Athanasios Dimopoulos1,
Efstathios Kastritis1,
Sossana Delimpassi2,
Athanasios Zomas3,
Marie Christine Kyrtsonis4,
Konstantinos Zervas5
1 Department of Clinical Therapeutics, University of Athens School of Medicine
2 Hematology Department, Evangelismos Hospital
3 Attikon University Hospital
4 Department of Hematology, University of Athens, Laikon Hospital
5 Department of Hematology, Theagenion Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
Correspondence: Meletios A. Dimopoulos, MD, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Ave, Athens 115 24, Greece. Phone: international +30.210.3381541. Fax: international +30.210.3381511 E-mail:mdimop{at}med.uoa.gr
Key words: prognosis, rituximab, cause-specific survival, high risk.
Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia (WM) is characterized by lymphoplasmacytic bone marrow infiltration and by production of serum monoclonal IgM.1 This disease usually follows a relatively indolent course with a median survival ranging from 60 months to 120 months in different series. However, in some patients the disease may be more aggressive causing their death within months.1–7 Several analyses have identified variables that may be associated with a worse prognosis. These include advanced age, cytopenia(s), hypoalbuminemia, elevated serum β2-microglobulin, high IgM, poor performance status, B-symptoms or splenomegaly.1–8
Recently, a multicenter collaborative project was undertaken which included a large number of previously untreated, symptomatic patients who required treatment. An International Prognostic Scoring System for WM (IPSSWM) was formulated based on 5 adverse covariates: age >65 years, hemoglobin 
11.5 g/dL, platelet count 100x109/L, β2-microglobulin >3 mg/L and serum monoclonal protein concentration >70 g/L. Low risk is defined by the presence of 1 adverse variable except age, high risk by the presence of >2 adverse characteristics and intermediate risk by the presence of 2 adverse characteristics or age >65 years; 5-year survival rates are 87%, 68% and 36% respectively.9
However, 96% of the patients included in this analysis had received frontline treatment with alkylating agents or nucleoside analogs. Since rituximab-based regimens are now frequently used as a frontline treatment in WM patients, we analyzed whether the IPSSWM can be applied in these patients.
Ninety-three previously untreated, symptomatic patients who received treatment either with single agent rituximab (21 patients) or with the combination of dexamethasone, rituximab and cyclophosphamide (72 patients), formed the basis of this analysis. This analysis was approved by the Institutional Review Board. These patients were included in two trials reported previously.10,11 Briefly, in a single agent rituximab study, rituximab was administered at a dose of 375 mg/m2 IV weekly for four consecutive weeks. Three months after completion of rituximab, patients without evidence of progressive disease received repeat 4-week courses of this agent.10 The DRC regimen consisted of dexamethasone 20 mg followed by rituximab 375 mg/m2 IV on day 1. Oral cyclophosphamide 100 mg/m2 BID was administered on days 1 to 5. DRC courses were repeated every 21 days for 6 courses.11 Eighty percent of non-responding patients in either trial were treated with either fludarabine-based regimens (i.e. with cyclophosphamide or with mitox-antrone) and the remaining patients received chlorambucil. The disease features of the 93 patients were typical of symptomatic WM (Table 1). There was no difference in the characteristics of patients treated either with single agent rituximab or with DRC, except that B-symptoms were more common in the DRC group. Criteria for initiation of treatment included cytopenia(s) (in 48% of patients), hyperviscosity (24%), constitutional symptoms (9%), organomegaly or lymphadenopathy (8%), IgM related disorders (6%) and miscellaneous reasons (5%).
According to the IPSSWM, 15% of patients were classified as low risk, 65% as intermediate risk and 20% as high risk. Median follow-up for all patients was 30 months. Overall survival for all patients has not been reached and 70% of patients were alive at five years. The median follow-up time for the single agent rituximab-treated patients is 72 months and for the DRC patients 23.4 months. There was no significant difference in median cause-specific survival between the two treatment groups (p=0.150). Among patients of the three different risk groups, there was a significant difference in overall survival: median survival has not been reached for low or intermediate risk group and is 38 months for high risk patients (p=0.006) (Figure 1A). The 4-year survival probability for all patients was 100% for low risk, 73% for intermediate risk and only 41% for high risk patients. However, we should mention that the follow-up of our patients is relatively short and this may result in inherent inaccuracies because of the high number of censored observations. At the time of last follow-up, 19 patients had died and 100%, 82% and 58% of patients were alive in the low, intermediate and high risk groups respectively. Among the 19 deaths, 5 (26%) were considered not to be related to WM or to treatment complications. Thus, 14 deaths were included in the construction of cause-specific survival curves, with patients dying of unrelated causes censored at the time of their death. There was a significant difference between the three cause-specific survival curves (p=0.05) (Figure 1B).
Treatment options for WM include alkylating agents, nucleoside analogs, monoclonal antibodies alone or in combination, and intensive therapy with stem cell support.1,12 Since some of these treatments may be associated with significant toxicity, a reliable prognostic scoring system may help to select the patients more likely to benefit. In our current analysis, we showed that the IPSS-WM is also applicable in patients who received primary treatment with rituximab-based regimens. Furthermore, we were able to show that the IPSSWM is also valid for cause-specific survival. This finding is important, since unrelated causes lead to the death of a significant proportion of WM patients (one fourth in this series) thus biasing survival calculations.6
The use of IPSSWM can also identify subsets of patients who are less likely to benefit from current treatment options. We observed that those of our patients treated with rituximab-based regimens who were assigned to the high risk group had a median overall and cause-specific survival of less than four years. When such patients were treated with alkylating agents or with nucleoside analogs median overall survival was also less than four years.9 This observation indicates that rituximab-based regimens, as well as nucleoside analog/alkylating agent based regimens, may be a suboptimal treatment for such high risk patients. For these patients new treatment approaches are needed.12
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References
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- Dimopoulos MA, Kyle RA, Anagnostopoulos A, Treon SP. Diagnosis and management of Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:1564-77.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Morel P, Monconduit M, Jacomy D, Lenain P, Grosbois B, Bateli C, et al. Prognostic factors in Waldenström macro-globulinemia: a report on 232 patients with the description of a new scoring system and its validation on 253 other patients. Blood 2000;96:852-8.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Gobbi PG, Bettini R, Montecucco C, Cavanna L, Morandi S, Pieresca C, et al. Study of prognosis in Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia: a proposal for a simple binary classification with clinical and investigational utility. Blood 1994;83:2939-45.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Garcia-Sanz R, Montoto S, Torrequebrada A, de Coca AG, Petit J, Sureda A, et al. Waldenström macroglobuli-naemia: presenting features and outcome in a series with 217 cases. Br J Haematol 2001;115:575-82.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
- Merlini G, Baldini L, Broglia C, Comelli M, Goldaniga M, Palladini G, et al. Prognostic factors in symptomatic Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia. Semin Oncol 2003;30:211-5.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
- Ghobrial IM, Fonseca R, Gertz MA, Plevak MF, Larson DR, Therneau TM, et al. Prognostic model for disease-specific and overall mortality in newly diagnosed symptomatic patients with Waldenström macroglobulinaemia. Br J Haematol 2006;133:158-64.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
- Facon T, Brouillard M, Duhamel A, Morel P, Simon M, Jouet JP, et al. Prognostic factors in Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia: a report of 167 cases. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1553-8.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Kyle RA, Treon SP, Alexanian R, Barlogie B, Bjorkholm M, Dhodapkar M, et al. Prognostic markers and criteria to initiate therapy in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: consensus panel recommendations from the Second International Workshop on Waldenström’s Macroglo-bulinemia. Semin Oncol 2003;30:116-20.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
- Morel P, Duhamel A, Gobbi P, Dimopoulos M, Dhodapkar M, McCoy J, et al. International Prognostic Scoring System for Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia. XIth International Myeloma Workshop & IVth International Workshop on Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia 25 30 June 2007 Kos Island, Greece. Haematologica 2007;92 6 suppl 2: 1-229.[Free Full Text]
- Dimopoulos MA, Anagnostopoulos A, Zervas C, Kyrt-sonis MC, Zomas A, Bourantas C, et al. Predictive factors for response to rituximab in Waldenström’s macroglobu-linemia. Clin Lymphoma 2005;5:270-2.[ISI][Medline]
- Dimopoulos MA, Anagnostopoulos A, Kyrtsonis MC, Zervas K, Tsatalas C, Kokkinis G, et al. Primary treatment of Waldenström macroglobulinemia with dexametha-sone, rituximab, and cyclophosphamide. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3344-9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Treon SP, Gertz MA, Dimopoulos M, Anagnostopoulos A, Blade J, Branagan AR, et al. Update on treatment recommendations from the Third International Workshop on Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia. Blood 2006;107:3442-6.
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